Kids, Work and What Georgetown University Wants in the Essay Medical Samples

Kids, Work and What Georgetown University Wants in the Essay Medical Samples Junior year as well as the above, make certain that your resume and LinkedIn profile are updated. Thus, State University isn't only the ideal spot for me, it is the sole location for me. If you choose to speak about a summer program, be very careful which one that you pick and the way you frame it. Moreover, University of Michigan's research program, one of the very best in the usa, will let me make discoveries and contributions as an undergraduate student. Attempt to consider differently, and you may be surprised how much you stand out. Professor Mitchell obtained a grant to have a category of students to Belgium as a way to study the EU. In addition to its growing cultural and ethnic diversity, State University is turning into a master at developing a niche for each student. If for some reason you're not able to obtain or supply the email addresses, please contact the admissions office and we'll be pleased to supply extra guidance. All interviews are conducted in the neighborhood region of the applicant. The personal essay follows exactly the same format as is necessary for the AMCAS application. For many applicants it is the most difficult part of the application. It's highly probable that there will be a number of different applicants who have had similar experiences, which will ensure it is much more hard for you to convince the adcom that your activity is distinctive and indicative of your unique interests. It is not sufficient to recognize an organization a particular person ought to be willing and eager to serve as the customer and to drive the procedure. Please provide any info you would love to improve your application you have not otherwise included. Furthermore, you have to do well to get a strong application. What You Don't Know About What Georgetown University Wants in the Essay Medical Samples On the flip side, if you've lived your ideals, you need to have no issue presenting examples. This section includes two examples of very good college essays. Think freely, but you're not permitted to consider anything else besides the topic available. Those topics aren't an exhaustive list, merely a few instances. Although much head way has been produced within this area in the previous twenty or so years, I feel there's a still a tendency in medicine to take care of diseases the same manner no matter who the patient is. Luckily enough, I have had an opportunity to interact with health professionals who've been a fantastic inspiration to me. The condition of health, mood, and at times the life of an individual is dependent on a physician. We would like the physicians and scientists to fix the issue of health for us. To cover the prompt, discuss whenever you have led in an uncomfortable or new circumstance. This question is searching for resilience. The plan is to choose a sub-issue of a bigger problem which affects a particular population. If you would like to get in, the very first matter to check at is the acceptance rate. The 5-Minute Rule for What Georgetown University Wants in the Essay Medical Samples Has up-to-date abilities and the capability to learn new abilities and procedures easily. Some students continue to be concerned about submitting too many test scores. You don't have a lot to lose, and you have the potential to increase your score and significantly boost your odds of getting in. Whenever you have the last score that you're delighted with, after that you can send only that score to all of your schools. This profession demands the most responsible strategy and a high degree of knowledge. Simply take the opportunity to sketch out what you wish to say in these 60 seconds. It's critical that you speak about what you've learned from what it is you are struggling with and the actions you're taking to develop the skills you should overcome this challenge. Your solution needs to be personal to you and, if at all possible, surprising.

Accounting Management Cost Classification and Ethics

TASK 1: Cost Classification and Ethics The Sorrel Pharmaceuticals Corporation manufactures a variety of drugs that are marketed internationally. Inventories on May 31 and June 30 were as follows: May 31 June 30 Materials Inventory $354,100 $327,400 Work in Process Inventory 112,600 116,400 Finished Goods Inventory 138,500 142,800 Purchases of materials for June were $142,600. Direct labor costs were incurred and computed on the basis of 27,000 hours at $8 per hour. Actual overhead costs incurred in June were as follows: operating supplies used, $5,700; janitorial and materials handling labor, $38,100; employee benefits $110,800; heat, light, and power, $50,000; factory depreciation, $8,400; property taxes, $8,000; and expired†¦show more content†¦ANSWER: We have: †¢ Expected variable unit cost: $24 ïÆ'Ëœ Direct materials $10.90 ïÆ'Ëœ Direct labor $7.18 ïÆ'Ëœ Overhead $1.92 ïÆ'Ëœ Selling cost $ 4.00 †¢ Annual fixed costs: $68,700 ïÆ'Ëœ Taxes on property used $8,870 ïÆ'Ëœ Depreciation on building and equipment $18,920 ïÆ'Ëœ Advertising $38,840 ïÆ'Ëœ Other $2,070 a. Compute the number of units that must be sold to earn a profit of $80,000. Call A is the number of units that must be sold to earn a profit of $80,000 We have: ïÆ'Ëœ Sale = 49A ïÆ'Ëœ Variable cost = 24A ïÆ'Ëœ CM = 49A – 24A = 25A ïÆ'Ëœ Annual fixed cost: $68,700 ïÆ'Ëœ Operating income = CM - Annual fixed cost = 25A - $68,700 Profit by $80,000 that means: 25A - $68,700 = $80,000 = A = 5,948 units So the number of units that must be sold to earn a profit of $80,000 is 5,948 units b.Show MoreRelatedAnnual Report Of Woolworths Limited 2016 Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagesa) In accordance to the annual report of Woolworths Limited 2016, the current accounting practice that is applied to the business regarding its inventory disclosure includes; a perpetual inventory system which continually updates the information by increasing or decreasing inventory from reports throughout the year to verify accounting records (Bragg 2016).  A perpetual inventory system in comparison to a periodic inventory system is more efficient and effective for larger corporations. With entitiesRead MoreGuillermo Furniture Store Scenario851 Words   |  4 Pagesoverseas entered Sonora’s furniture market and one of the largest retailer in the nation opened headquarter in Sonora, Guillermos Furniture store experienced serious business problems. As a result, Guillermo’s profit margins shrink, as prices fell and costs rose. (UOP, 2009) After conducting some research Guillermo came to the conclusion that he has at least three alternative courses of action to proceed: †¢ Apply high-tech methods to the production cycle †¢ Become a representative for another manufacturer Read MoreThe Purpose Of Managerial Accounting2785 Words   |  12 PagesManagerial accounting is helpful to the managers in of identifying, measuring, analyzing, interpreting and communicating information for the pursuit of organization’s goals. It contrast with financial accounting in that later is aimed to provide information to external user of accounting information while managerial accounting it’s aimed at helping the mangers to make decision in the organization. Purpose of managerial accounting The purpose of management accounting in the organization is to supportRead MoreSample Resume : Cloud Start Networking1304 Words   |  6 Pagesunexpected relationships: I found that there was a large increase in inventory from 2014 to 2015 ($1,090,000). With such a huge increase, we would have to question the existence of this inventory. Realistically, if inventory was overstated it would cause Cost of Goods Sold to be understated. I also found that cash was an important asset to analyze during this procedure. There was a $295,000 decrease from the prior year. Completeness was not satisfied with depreciation and property, plant, and equipmentRead MoreCost Accounting 13th Edition Chapter 1 Solution4848 Words   |  20 PagesSolutions Manual for suggestions regarding your choices of assignment material for each chapter. 1-1 Management accounting measures, analyzes and reports financial and nonfinancial information that helps managers make decisions to fulfill the goals of an organization. It focuses on internal reporting and is not restricted by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Financial accounting focuses on reporting to external parties such as investors, government agencies, and banks. It measuresRead MoreAcc 560 Week 9 Assignment 2 Johnson Controls Capital Investments1706 Words   |  7 Pageshttp://workbank247.com/q/acc-560-week-1-to-week-11-complete-course/9704 ACC 560 Week 1 Discussion Ethics in Management Accounting versus Financial Accounting  Please respond to the following: * Go to the AICPA Website to read the current AICPA code of professional conduct, located athttp://www.aicpa.org/Research/Standards/CodeofConduct/Pages/default.aspx. Next, assess the effectiveness of the current Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) code of professional conduct in promoting ethical behavior and providingRead MoreAdvantages Of Non Numeric Selection Models1068 Words   |  5 Pagesis useful when the project is intended to seal a break or fortify a weak link or take the organization to a higher level. Finally, the comparative advantage model is used when a business has several projects that must be reviewed and given some classification. Businesses rely on numerical models, while choosing a project. Most businesses see numerical models more useful than non-numerical models which are highly biased and unempirical. Numerical models are generally of two types: 1. ProfitabilityRead MoreSustainability Analysis And Reporting System Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship with suppliers, local communities, authorities and civil societies. After 15 years of research activities in the field of economic, social and environmental sustainability, an integrated approach is derived that aims to aggregate different management tools like social reporting, environmental reporting and key performance indicators in to a comprehensive model, called sustainability evaluation and reporting system (SERS). The purpose of Sustainability Reporting system is to check and reportRead Moreproject manajment1121 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿2-15-99 Project Management: The Managerial Process COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER 1 Modern Project Management What is a project? The project life cycle The project manager The importance of project management Snapshot from practice: The best wireless phone in the world Snapshot from practice: The emergence of e.Schwab The evolution of project management systems Project management today-- An integrative approachRead MoreAuditing Assurance Services1653 Words   |  7 Pagesassignments, designed to assist students to understand and perform audit tests on financial statement account balances and formulate appropriate audit reports. √ 2 5 The Study of Auditing The study of auditing is different from other accounting courses that you have taken because †¦ OTHER COURSES Rules, techniques and computations to prepare and analyse financial information AUDITING Analytical and logical skills Much more conceptual in nature 6 The Demand for Auditing and

Theories of Perception Representative Realism

Question: Discuss about theTheories of Perceptionfor Representative Realism. Answer: Introduction The definition of perception rotates around the manner in which sensory information is first organized, interpreted and finally identified in an effort to get an understanding which actually would make a representation of the real environment. During perception, the signals are produced by the nervous system which is stimulated by sensory organs whereby they are in contact with chemical or physical stimulants. The theories that seek to explain the aspect of perception are many including phenomenalism, idealism, representative realism and nave realism. This article therefore, aims at exploring the idealism and representative realism theories in details. Representative Realism Theory This theory makes a suggestion that actually perception is not a passive process, indicating that it gives an opposition to the suggestion of the realistic nave theory. This theory was formulated by three theorists; John Locke, David Hume and Bertrand Russell. It goes ahead to suggest that people do not actually gets information regarding the environment or the global by use of their senses but rather perception plays a big role in this. According to this theory, people do not just perceive objects directly but its the objects that make the people to get some certain manner of experiences as well as feelings related to information perceived (Gibson, 2014). Therefore when people. Therefore these definite experiences and sensing of information lead to the development of direct access to what goes around the environment we live in and the world at large. The theory of representative realism therefore creates a clear difference between the objects themselves and our experiences. It holds that two different types of property exist that is the secondary as well as the primary features. Primary features refer to the distinct characteristics that the object contains independent of the observer. For instance, an object can be either square or heavy irrespective of how the observe perceives it to be. Weight and shape are therefore primary qualities of an object. Secondary qualities are those properties the object has because it has been perceived so. Color for example is a secondary quality projected by the perceivers into the world (Thorpe, 2015). Take a case of an apple, its not really red in color but because an individual projects redness into it in the process of perceiving, then the apple appears red in color. In most instances, the secondary qualities are normally applied in making of a representation of the primary qualities. For instance, the way the apple appears as being red in color is because it makes a reflection of some specific wavelength of light. The wa velength it reflects is normally regarded as a primary quality irrespective of whether someone is actually looking at it or not. Other secondary qualities are; taste, sound, smell and temperature. Qualities are the power that physical objects have to produce an idea into our mind. Primary qualities are the objects inseparable qualities despite its changes whereas secondary qualities are those qualities that physical objects have and have powers to produce different sensations within us (Allais, 2007). Idealism Theory Idealists believe that people normally have a direct way in which they get a form of straightforward access to the experiences of the world but not the actual world. In fact, there is no direct access to external world which is usually agreed upon. There therefore question if there something beyond our experiences. The idealist refuses to postulate existence of anything that is beyond their experiences. They believe that our experiences do not represent any object but they constitute them and there is nothing beyond them. Idealism theory denies the existence of the mind-independent objects (Bird, 2016). They believe objects are just the experiences we have about them. To idealists, to be is as a result of to be perceived. So, objects exist only as they are perceived. For instance, if someone closes their eyes, then the objects do not exist anymore according to idealism, unless there is someone else who perceives the same object. But if later I reopen my eyes and perceive the object t hen, it will come to existence. This theory however, has some difficulties in explaining the consistency of our experiences in the world (Van Cleve, 2004). To overcome this, the most famous idealist, Berkeley, explained that God is the reason why when you close and reopen your eyes you are able to perceive the same objects as before. To him, God is constantly perceiving everything and that the reason why the existence of the object does not pass out. According to Berkeleys idealism, God plays a central role in ensuring our experiences are consistent. Therefore, despite the fact that there may be no mind-independent objects leading to our experiences, God enables our experiences to be mutually consistent. Berkeley used this theory to show how skeptical arguments can be applied to the existence of the physical matter. However, Berkeley himself was not a skeptical thinker as many may propose. Idealism is the epistemological and metaphysical doctrine that proposes that thoughts or ideas are ones that make up the fundamental reality. It argues that consciousness is the only knowable thing that can be sure to tell whether matter or an object exists in the outside world. It therefore, holds that its only the mental entities that are real and not physical things which usually exist in terms of how they are perceived (Ewing, 2013). Idealism covers a variety of philosophical positions with different implications and tendencies. Subjective idealism for example holds that its only the mind and ideas that are known to exist and contain the reality and the knowhow of any object outside the mind is therefore not justified. So, objects exist due to the way people perceive them guided by thoughts residing in our consciousness, and by the virtue of Divine Being-God. If for instance, someone sees a chair, then that chair exists and if no one saw the chair, then it could exist only if it was in Gods mind. Absolute idealism, transcendent idealism and objective idealism are other f orms of idealism theory that has been proposed (Bhaskar, 2013). Contrast Representative Theory of perception also known as representationalism or representative realism or Indirect Realism is based on the argument that the world we see in our conscious experiences is not the real world but rather a virtual reality copied from the internal representation of the actual world. A barrier between the existing world and the mind prevents first-hand knowledge about the object. Idealism however, asserts that its only the minds and objects of the mind that exists and that the mental realities such as feelings, perceptions, will, ideas and thoughts are things that characterize all objects (Pritchard, 2013). Idealism is anti-realistic while indirect realism is realistic. For Idealism there is no material external world, the mind of God like proposed by the indirect realism to cause perceptions. In addition, Idealism is usually a direct theory of perception whereas indirect realism is an indirect theory of perception. For instance, idealism perceives trees although trees are sense of data but indirect realism does not directly perceive trees but they are fully aware of their existence indirect through direct representation (Searle, 2015). Unlike Idealism, indirect realism believes that ideas we have about an object are derived from sense information and images of a material, real and external world. It insists that the direct object of perception is sense information which characterizes the external world. Representationalists believe that its not possible to have experience outside the sensory surface. That dreams, visual illusions and hallucinations indicate clearly that the world of experience and the world itself are totally two different things (Smith, 2004). Representative Realism consists of epistemological fact and phenomenal perspective and both believe in the distinction between the real world itself and the experience of the world. Indirect realism does create a deep epistemological problem like solipsism and also the problem of the external world. Idealism on the other hand, is a class of positions in epistemology and ontology (Turvey, 2016). As an epistemology it argues that everything that we do experience is as a result of mental nature. That we can have only immediate and direct and knowledge of contents of our minds and we cannot experience or know directly, the external object itself. So, indirect realism says that we can perceive the world indirectly but Idealism says that no one can perceive the objects physical world since such world does not exist at all (Pitcher, 2015). Comparison Both are theories of perception that tries to interpret the information that we sense and perceive. They both explain how the process of perception occurs by trying to explain that apart from the abilities of a man to hear and see, the body also develops its own forms of perception and sensation (Martens, 1999). They also help one to develop a critical and competent behavior in connection to processes of perception in the external world and in everyday life. Indirect realism is superior to idealism Indirect realism is superior to idealism in my view since it explains our experience of the world better than idealism (Laird, 2014). It is also compatible with science and there are no problems with perception, hallucination, illusion time lag and perceptual relativity. It holds that the world exists independently of the perceivers and its perceived through the sense-data. The sense-data are caused by the objects with tryadics such as ideas, minds and external environments. Despite the fact that sense-data is a bit difficult to understand, and are non-physical with physical properties and also it leads to infinite regress and skepticism, its the best theory that explains the process of perception clearly (Lean, 2013) Reference List Allais, L., 2007. Kant's idealism and the secondary quality analogy. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 45(3), pp.459-484. Bhaskar, R., 2013. A realist theory of science. Routledge. Bird, G., 2016. Kant's Theory of Knowledge: An Outline of one Central Argument in the'Critique of Pure Reason'. Routledge. Ewing, A.C., 2013. Idealism: A critical survey. Routledge. Gibson, J.J., 2014. The ecological approach to visual perception: classic edition. Psychology Press. Laird, J., 2014. A study in realism. Cambridge University Press. Lean, M., 2013. Sense-perception and matter: a critical analysis of CD Broad's theory of perception. Routledge. Martens, M., 1999. A philosophy for sensory science. Food quality and preference, 10(4), pp.233-244. Pitcher, G., 2015. Theory of Perception. Princeton University Press. Pritchard, D., 2013. What is this thing called knowledge?. Routledge. Searle, J.R., 2015. Seeing things as they are: A theory of perception. Oxford University Press. Smith, A.D., 2004. The problem of perception. MotilalBanarsidassPublishe. Thorpe, L., 2015. Reid on the Role of Sensations in Perception, with a Focus on Colour Perception. Thomas Reid on Mind, Knowledge, and Value. Turvey, M.T., 2016. Carol A. Fowler: Direct Realist. Ecological Psychology, 28(3), pp.138-155. Van Cleve, J., 2004. 4 Reid's Theory of Perception. The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Reid, p.101.

Should Junk Food Be Banned From Schools Essay Sample free essay sample

Junk Food is an informal term for nutrient that is of small nutritionary value and frequently high in fat. sugar. and/or Calories. That means debris nutrient is non healthy. so we must Stop the dependence to it. Children and teens are addicted to debris nutrient because they say it is really delightful and tasty. There are two sides for â€Å"should debris nutrient be banned from schools? † Side A: Yes: It must be banned. Because It has been proven that kids are THIRTY TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BECOME OBESE than 20 old ages ago. Obesity is on the addition in the universe. and that includes lifting childhood fleshiness. So it is of import to contend fleshiness as it causes many wellness jobs and can take to early decease through bosom diseases. diabetes and shots. Peoples sometimes forget that Junk Food is non meant to be eaten EVERY Day! There are some people in the universe who think â€Å"McDonalds† is meant for breakfast. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Junk Food Be Banned From Schools? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page tiffin. and dinner! . Kids these yearss do eat enormous sums of debris and many don’t exercising every bit much as they should. and schools can merely coerce them to exert during gym periods. Childs and teens must travel outside and play games such as football. hoops. †¦ext. Junk nutrient has low nutritionary value and by a scientific survey many kids have fatigue and laziness after eating debris nutrient. hence making worse on school assignment and proving ( their school work ) . Schools can play an of import function in battling fleshiness as people tend to acquire into wonts about how they eat when they are immature. Schools can assist to do those wonts healthy 1s. If you don’t eat fresh nutrient. fruit and veggies at place. you might non acquire to seek them and so you are improbable to cook them for yourself subsequently. Schools can present immature people to healthy nutrient. There is a good yesteryear illustration for schools acquiring involved in diet. Traditionally schools have given out free milk and fruit to seek and do certain that kids get adequate Ca and vitamins. in instance they are non acquiring plenty at place. If kids try healthy nutrient a t school. they can take their cognition place and present new nutrient to their household. Side B: No: It must non be banned. It has besides been proven that no 1 can Coerce you to eat the debris nutrient. True. some people do eat it as comfort nutrient. but that’s their pick you see. If the school sale debris nutrient. no 1 can coerce you to eat it. you have your pick. Child fleshiness may be higher than earlier. but it’s non all because of debris nutrient. Obesity is a turning job that we should take earnestly. But the manner to work out it is non to restrict the pick of nutrient in schools as kids will merely make full up on unhealthy nutrient outside of schools. As good Children have lost the will to exert. Where’s the merriment? They say. All you do is acquiring hot. sweaty and tired. So. alternatively of restricting debris nutrient. we need to increase the sum of athletics and exercising in schools and educate kids about eating healthily. At the same clip we should promote parents to supply a balanced diet for their kids. Schools need to learn students about how to do healthy picks and what makes a balanced diet. They need instruction on what’s good for you but so necessitate to be given the opportunity to take for themselves between an apple and a cocoa saloon. Otherwise every bit shortly as they’re out of school. they’ll still eat three cocoa bars because you haven’t changed their mentality. They may even eat more debris nutrient on intent as an act of rebellion. So schools should function a scope of nutrient. non merely salads and other â€Å"health foods† . in order to supply such a pick. I think that there are some kids who need diet plan. A balanced diet includes little sums of sugar. fat and salt – how do you make up ones mind what is healthy and what is non? Parts are cardinal to a healthy diet. If students are really active and involved in athletics. they may necessitate to eat a batch of Calories. You have to learn kids and their parents to do responsible picks for themselves. The upbringing of kids is largely down to parents – the province shouldn’t take the occupation on through its schools. The difference between coffin nails and unhealthy nutrients is that even smoking on occasion is bad for your wellness. whereas eating fat. sugar and salt in moderateness is non bad for you. It’s of import to larn about how to do picks for a balanced diet. There is a difference between supplying something health y as a free supernumerary and restricting children’s entree to nutrient at lunch period. You won’t do a difference with school repasts if a kid can merely hold an excess Macdonald’s Burger or three more cocoa bars on the manner place if they are hungry. If a school wants to do a difference. they should hold more mandatory PE lessons to better children’s fittingness degrees. If kids don’t eat healthily at place they are more likely to avoid healthy school dinners. Alternatively they will convey an unhealthy jammed tiffin or travel out of school for debris nutrient in the lunch hr. Figures show that since the Jamie Oliver run in the UK. demand for school dinners has gone down by 20 % . So there is no speedy hole to promote healthy feeding and school repast runs may even be unhelpful. Undertaking fleshiness decently will intend altering our nutrient civilization and that will affect the media. advertizers. nutrient retail merchants and pedagogues all playing a portion. In one of the UK newspaper was this Report: Banning immature kids from eating chip and cocoa in school will promote debris nutrient orgies when they get place. says a nutrient expert. The warning comes in response to newspaper studies that a Surrey primary school has banned students from conveying chip. fizzing drinks and Sweets into school. Dr Dee Dawson. of the Rhodes Farm Clinic for eating upsets says underscoring the â€Å"naughtiness† of certain nutrients will do kids more attracted to them. Children’s deficiency of exercising in being driven to school and sitting down playing computing machine games affects fleshiness more than what they eat. she added.

The House Of The Seven Gables Essays - The House Of The Seven Gables

The House Of The Seven Gables Essays - The House Of The Seven Gables The House Of The Seven Gables By Nathaniel Hawthorne The House of the Seven Gables is a romantic novel set in a grand and rustic, old house with seven gables in New England town. The story opens with its history, beginning in the 1690's, when witch-hunting was rampant. Afterwards, it revolves around the course of one summer in the 1850's. At his housewarming party, Colonel Pyncheon, the socially noted owner of the house was mysteriously found dead in one of the rooms. Although he was highly esteemed for his wealth and high position, legend has it that he usurped the land on which his house stood from a poor fellow named Matthew Maule. Maule was a nobody. Furthermore, he was rumored to be practicing witchcraft. For this, he was hanged and it was rumored that Pyncheon was responsible for it because he wanted the land for himself. However, his social prominence and Maule's infamy allowed him to get away with the crime smoothly. Before Maule died though, cursed him saying, God will give him blood to drink. For years, the Pyncheon-Maule dispute carried on. The long line of Pyncheons struggled to keep the land from their rivals. Though they succeeded in this, their greed became their own undoing. Alice Pyncheon dies because her father, Gervayse, allowed her to be hypnotized by a Maule also named Matthew, because he believed him when he said that he needed Alice's mind to find a the hidden Pyncheon treasure. Clifford Pyncheon was another victim of the greed of his cousin Judge Jaffrey Pyncheon. He framed him and sent him to prison for killing their uncle so that he could have the Pyncheon fortune to himself. However, after many years, the once talked-about mansion was eventually forgotten, and the story focuses on the time when Hepzibah Pyncheon, an old and lonely spinster inhabited it. She was often feared for the scowl on her face that was actually only the result of a chronic squint due to her poor eyesight. Proud and without talent for practical matters, she is a symbol of decaying aristocracy. She grieves for her beloved brother, Clifford, who was framed and imprisoned. She had a boarder named Holgrave. He is an attractive and imtellectual young man with modern views and notions. He preaches about social reform to Hepzibah and Phoebe. When her money was running out, Hepzibah was forced to open little bakeshop in the front gable of the house and abandon her illusion of aristocracy. This only adds to her misery until her young niece, Phoebe, comes from the country to live with her in the house. Like a ray of sunshine, she lights up the house with her beauty, simplicity, and free-spiritedness After 30 years in prison, Hepzibah's brother, Clifford, is released and comes home to the house of seven gables. He has a love for beauty but the years of seclusion had drawn out the life from him and he became bitter and spiritless. Then he develops a special bond with Phoebe. Despite the complexity of his personality, she understood him. A frequent visitor was Judge Jaffrey Pyncheon. He resembled his ancestor, the colonel physically and in his greed and pretentiousness as well. Yet, he pretends to be good-natured and amiable. He insists that Clifford possessed the knowledge about a hidden Pyncheon fortune. However, the truth of the matter is that Clifford has long since forgotten the secret. One day , Judge Jaffrey comes again, looking for Clifford. He manages to force Hepzibah to let him see her brother and she goes up to fetch him. He is not in his room and when she comes back to tell the judge, she finds him dead. And Clifford is standing beside him. Afraid that he would be accused of murder again, Clifford flees, bringing Hepzibah along. In their absence, Holgrave and Phoebe fall in love. Eventually, it was discovered that Jaffrey's death was a result of a stroke, and everything is cleared and resolved. Clifford and Hepzibah return and Holgrave asks Phoebe to marry him. She agrees and he discloses that he is a descendant of Matthew Maule. The secret treasure turned out to be the deed of the territory, which was now useless. It was hidden inside a vault concealed by the painting of the colonel which hung on the wall of the house eversince it was built. Hepzibah, Clifford, Phoebe, and Holgrave all decide to leave

Oxygen Facts - Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements

Oxygen Facts - Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and element symbol O. Under ordinary conditions, it can exist as a pure element in the form of oxygen gas (O2) and also ozone (O3). Here is a collection of facts about this essential element. Oxygen  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 8 Symbol: O Atomic Weight: 15.9994 Discovered By:  Credit for the discovery of oxygen is usually given to Carl Wilhelm Scheele. However, there is evidence credit should be given to the Polish alchemist and physician Michael Sendivogius. Sendivogius 1604 work  De Lapide Philosophorum Tractatus duodecim e naturae fonte et manuali experientia depromt,  he describes cibus vitae or food of life. He isolated this substance (oxygen) in experiments conducted between 1598 and 1604 involving the thermal decomposition of potassium nitrate or saltpeter. Discovery Date: 1774 (England/Sweden) or 1604 (Poland) Electron Configuration: [He]2s22p4 Word Origin:  The word oxygen comes from the Greek oxys, meaning sharp or acid and genes, meaning born or former. Oxygen mean acid former. Antoine Lavoisier coined the term oxygen in 1777 during his experiments exploring combustion and corrosion. Isotopes: Natural oxygen is a mixture of three stable isotopes: oxygen-16, oxygen-17, and oxygen-18. Fourteen radioisotopes are known. Properties: Oxygen gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. The liquid and solid forms are a pale blue color and are strongly paramagnetic. Other forms of solid oxygen appear red, black, and metallic. Oxygen supports combustion, combines with most elements, and is a component of hundreds of thousands of organic compounds. Ozone (O3), a highly active compound with a name derived from the Greek word for I smell, is formed by the action of an electrical discharge or ultraviolet light on oxygen. Uses: Oxygen was the atomic weight standard of comparison for the other elements until 1961 when the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted carbon 12 as the new basis. It is the third most abundant element found in the sun and the earth, and it plays a part in the carbon-nitrogen cycle. Excited oxygen yields the bright red and yellow-green colors of the Aurora. Oxygen enrichment of steel blast furnaces accounts for the greatest use of the gas. Large quantities are used in making synthesis gas for ammonia, methanol, and ethylene oxide. It is also used as a bleach, for oxidizing oils, for oxy-acetylene welding, and for determining carbon content of steel and organic compounds. Biology: Plants and animals require oxygen for respiration. Hospitals frequently prescribe oxygen for patients. Approximately two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of the mass of water is oxygen. Element Classification: Oxygen is classified as a nonmetal. However, it should be noted a metallic phase of oxygen was discovered in 1990. Metallic oxygen forms when solid oxygen is pressurized above 96 GPa. This phase, at very low temperatures, is a superconductor. Allotropes: The usual form of oxygen near the Earths surface is dioxygen, O2. Dioxygen or gaseous oxygen is the form of the element used by living organisms for respiration. Trioxygen or ozone (O3) is also gaseous at ordinary temperatures and pressure. This form is highly reactive. Oxygen also forms tetraoxygen, O4, in one of the six phases of solid oxygen. There is also a metallic form of solid oxygen. Source: Oxygen-16 is formed primarily in the helium fusion process and neon burning process of massive stars. Oxygen-17 is made during the CNO cycle when hydrogen is burned into helium. Oxygen-18 forms when nitrogen-14 from CNO burning fuses with a helium-4 nucleus. Purified oxygen on Earth is obtains from air liquefaction. Oxygen Physical Data Density (g/cc): 1.149 ( -183 °C) Melting Point ( °K): 54.8 Boiling Point ( °K): 90.19 Appearance: Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; pale blue liquid Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 14.0 Covalent Radius (pm): 73 Ionic Radius: 132 (-2e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.916 (O-O) Pauling Negativity Number: 3.44 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1313.1 Oxidation States: -2, -1 Lattice Structure: Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 6.830 Magnetic Ordering: Paramagnetic Quiz: Ready to test your oxygen facts knowledge? Take the Oxygen Facts Quiz.Back to the Periodic Table of the Elements Sources Dole, Malcolm (1965). The Natural History of Oxygen (PDF). The Journal of General Physiology. 49 (1): 5–27. doi:10.1085/jgp.49.1.5Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 793. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Priestley, Joseph (1775). An Account of Further Discoveries in Air.  Philosophical Transactions.  65: 384–94.  Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Diversity Issue in the Movie Crash Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Diversity Issue in the Crash - Movie Review Example Perhaps, the man had learned from his culture that he had to defend himself against others, especially now that he was feeling oppressed and perceiving everyone as a â€Å"cheat†. Aggression is a vice that can rip the society apart. Aggression and violence have profound impacts on the society. A society that is characterized by high level of violence and aggression cannot enjoy peace and harmony. As such, individuals will always be up against one another because of the inherent feeling of hurting each other. There is likely to be no tolerance between different races and even between people of the same race. As it goes, violence begets violence. Children are most likely to grow up knowing that violence is the order of the day. Consequently, they will grow up with unruly behaviors having been brought up in a culture of aggression and violence. This negatively affects the development of the society and water down societal core values like love and affection for each other. Aggression destroys the unity of the society.

PHL #6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PHL #6 - Essay Example It is therefore, different from other concepts such as Cartesian dualism and Skinnerian behaviorism (Carruthers, 1998). Therefore, the two theories are compatible in this regard as they discuss various concepts of the mind. Their thinking and philosophies are based on the fact that the mind rather than the soul. The man is defined by is relationship to an organic structure. Both theories state that it is not only humans that have souls and intrinsic principles but also beasts and plants (Carruthers, 1998). According to Aristotle, plants have vegetative souls and these include the powers of growth, nutrition and reproduction. Human beings on the other hand, have additional powers of perceptions and locomotion and for this they possess a sensitive soul. The existence of the sensitive soul is manifested by the fact that each animal has a sense faculty(Carruthers, 1998). Functional roles help identify mental states. There are several types of functionalism, and these include: machine state functionalism, psych functionalism, analytic functionalism, Homuncular functionalism and Mechanistic functionalism. All these types of functionalism point to the fact that, mental states are manifested in individual system such as computers as long as the necessary as the system perform the required set of functions (Carruthers,

Discuss The Role of Curleys Wife In The Novel Of Mice And Men Essay Example for Free

Discuss The Role of Curleys Wife In The Novel Of Mice And Men Essay In this novel, Curleys Wifes main function or purpose is her representation of one type of female in that time of American history. She seems to be the sort of person who is well calculated in her actions. She likes to make herself attractive by using make-up, when she wears shoes with red Ostrich Feathers she doesnt need to wear them on a dust ranch, but she does. She dreams of being a movie or Talkie star, she tells Lennie this, in a rare show of confidence. She is not a stereotype but I think that her character is quite predictable. In the video adaptation she seems to be friendly because of her appearance and the way in which she says words. When she doesnt want to be noticed, her physical presence is less noticed. She is described as brittle this could mean that she is fragile. The word fragile is usually associated with small and easily broken things. The word brittle could also be describing her physical state of mind. She could seem strong but really could collapse or break down when even slightly touched, or in her case, if she is rejected or insulted. But when she talks she has a dominant charisma, which demands attention. For example, whenever she walks into a room, the men always stop talking to listen to what she has to say. This could be from fear of punishment if they do not agree with her or offend her. It could also be because of the reputation as Jailbait which she has, or how she has the eye. Because of these two abilities, she can sneak around, trying to overhear anything incriminating which she could use to blackmail someone. An example of this is when she sneaks into the stable when Lennie, Candy and Crooks are there, and she listens to them. Throughout the whole novel she does not have name of her own, which she is called by. She is only referred to as Curleys Wife. This could suggest that she is the property of Curley. Or it could also back up the fact that she is like a ghost, because a ghost has no real identity. She could act mean, or deviously because she wants to make herself noticed more. She tells Lennie I get awful lonely. This suggests that she wants someone to talk to her, or whom she can talk to. She is only described by people, with sentences like She got the eye and a Tart. After reading the part of the novel when she is in the barn with Lennie, the reader is emoted to sympathise with Curleys Wife. This could make the reader feel sorry for her, but then there would be a conflict of emotions when you realise that She has wrecked Candys dreams as well as passed a death sentence on Lennie. All of this could overshadow the fact that Curleys Wife has just died. But when you her confession to Lennie, you find that this is her only recourse in her search for attention. She tries to make herself look attractive to get more attention, but she is called a Tart. The fact that she is like a bad luck omen could enforce her image as Jail-bait. She is like a jinx for anyone who she tries to become close to. She says that she could get crooks hung and she caused Curley and slim to fight. She also indirectly caused Lennies death. Not intentionally, but she does. This could be a way of making the reader sympathise with her case, because Candy is angry at her for dying, and he doesnt stop to think that she is dead. Curleys Wife is the only woman who is mentioned on the ranch, so the men could think of her as pretty or appealing because they do not come into contact with any other women. This could encourage or strengthen her attitude. She thought that she could be a movie star and could still think that. This could be another factor that encourages her self-superiority complex. But she knows that. Because, she has no name she could be owned by Curley, this could explain her actions. It could be her way of expressing her anger. She is angry because, when she signed her marriage certificate, She didnt lose her individuality, but something worse, her identity.

Washington Irving And His Works Essay -- essays research papers

Washington Irving and His Works Washington Irving was born on April 3, 1783 in Tarrytown, New York. His father was a merchant and owned an import business. Irving had literary influences early in his life. He was friends with Edgar Allen Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Charles Dickens. Washington Irving had no formal schooling. Instead, he taught himself by reading as many books as possible. Washington Irving had other interests than just writing. Irving was an inventor. He invented ice drinks and the dumb waiter. Irving was also an entrepreneur. "Early in his life Irving planned to follow his father's footsteps in the family business." (p. 187) Irving had many writings in his literary career. His works include The Sketchbook, A History of New York, The Devil and Tom Walker, and Rip Van Winkle. Despite all of these well known works, Irving never won any awards. Irving's short stories are The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and The Devil and Tom Walker. The first semblance in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and The Devil and Tom Walker is that nature proves to be a problem to the characters. In The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, the hollow is the setting for fear in Icabod's tall tales. Irving reflected on the dark setting many times in this story. "The swamp was thickly grown with great gloomy pines and hemlocks." (Washington Irving. p. 57) In The Devil a...

Police Discretion Essay

Discretion was defined to be the selection among possible path of actions. It was rampant and has great importance in the criminal justice. Discretion can be looked at different perspectives such as discretion-as-judgment, discretion-as-choice, discretion-as-discernment, discretion-as-liberty and discretion-as-license.   In the discretion-as-judgment, discretion is perceived as the converse of routine or habitual practices. In line with this, discretion gives anyone knowledge, ideas, abilities and insights unexpectedly. Police are not soldiers that are commanded with orders. Police must be more objective and prudent in applying and materializing rules and must follow what the rule is all about. As discretion-as-choice, discretion includes forming of personal attachments, contribution, judgment calls and intellectual decisions. It is all about the ability of making own decisions and following your conscience and modification of superior’s decision if necessary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, discretion-as-discernment looked at discretion as not only making decisions or choices but also making good and virtuous decisions. Discernment is prudence, foresight tactfulness, tolerance, empathy and being discreet. In discretion-as-liberty, discretion is the authorization of being free to act and using this permission to broaden the rights and duties, which aim of vision of liberty and inalienable rights. Lastly, the discretion-as-license sees discretion as the contrary of standard prospect. It gives anybody the privilege to break the rules, defy your immediate superior, and be less than perfect all the time however maintaining good relationship with your superior or the common public. Furthermore, discretion not just like doing what you like what you want and what you prefer. Discretion is restricted by several norms of the society. Police discretion was a forbidden theme of conversation until 1956 when American Bar Foundation released a study about it. Even the study had showed such discretion, still nobody would admit it occurred or existed. The attitude of police toward legality of actions is that any variation from accepted flow of actions was considered extralegal and noted as somewhat source of corruption. When it was unveiled to public, people and other institutions like the American Friends Service Committee (1971) have called for its immediate abolishment and thus police authorities required a clampdown on the issue of discretion. Now, it is perceived as bad or good if used properly. The exercise of discretion was mainly not the problem however; there are cases that police discretion was abused.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discretion is granted on police authorities for the purpose of serving the needs of the community and giving them the sense of protection they need. There are different types of police; legalistic, watchman or service style but the main point is how they structured and controlled discretion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     There are various causes of police discretion. One is an offender variable in which police accept seriously complaints made by mature individual than complaints made by youth. African Americans are more prone for arrest and force of police authorities. There are also cases that people who show good attitude to police is most likely to be treated mildly. People who are rich and influential and located at the upper class obtained special treatment from the police authorities. Mental status and gender is another factor that affects police on how to deal with different incident encountered. Another cause is situation variables in which police gave more importance serious crimes than minor ones. Usually, handling of deadly weapons or manifesting police resistance made police officers more reactive to situation. In addition, the essentiality of property involved in crime scene determines the efficiency of police response and investigatory actions towards it.   Police rarely acts upon complaints of citizen; they prioritize activities commenced by police administration.   Bureaucracy of police is more manifested with the presence of witnesses, media and the public.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police also has a tendency of becoming lenient when justice system was clogged and become stern when they need money. Size and structure of the department are directly proportional to the intensity of police discretion. Communities that have many resources and give more services to public tend police to employ no arrest system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover police has a belief that legislature have no aspiration of total enforcement, however what they believed is that politicians were making more appearances on the crime scenes portraying a good and sincere image to the public.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Domestic violence, drunk driving, laziness, lack of faith in utility of arrest, hate crime, mental illness, vice crime and use of force are the different areas of discretion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Domestic violence is one area where police abused. Instead of prosecuting husbands who battered their wives, police officers do nothing. Some police dealt more with mediation, counseling and social service referral. The reasons of such attitude of police are; they see domestic violence as a private matter, victims were usually uncooperative, apprehension of breadwinner would be a burden to the family and because male police favored male assailant. To avoid the burdens of court dates and paper works they used and abused the power of discretion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of force is another area where we can see how discretion maws structured and controlled. The force used by the police are only limited and reasonable for any situation. The use of force must be in total control in order to protect them from civil liability.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police discretion is a double-edge sword that can be used for good or bad intentions or purposes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even if we say that the relics of racial discrimination in law enforcement in the past is gone, we cannot take the fact that attempts to control police discretion do not guaranteed that there is no abuse of police discretion in the part of the enforcer. There were visible historic impetuses for controlling police discretion concerning racial discrimination but still do not assured of the objectivity of the police. We all know that discretion is some sort of making choices hence there would be a salient point that there is someone who would be the loser in the selection. In many cases, racial minorities, immigrants, young people and people who have different cultural and political views from majority group were always the losers. At the very first, the problem in granting police discretion and judicial control of discretion only gives law enforcement permission to target the least likely heard and sound complaints. This was truly manifested in heterogeneous communities and even in the homogeneous society. The next big question is that, â€Å"Are US police biased?†.   There are findings that police and justice system in the United States were not biased when it comes to race. For someone to be prisoner, there are four things that must first have to occur. Before a police arrest somebody, charges must be filed first, plead guilty, found him guilty of the crime, and sentenced him to prison. Definitely and certainly, racial discrimination cannot be observed in this situation. Blacks have certainly high chance of being arrested than any other race. In the statistics presented by the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), black share a large percentage (about 27 percent) of apprehension cases which is quite amusing because they were only 13 percent of the total population of the United States. On the other hand white and Hispanics are accounted for the 71 percent of arrest cases but constitute 81 percent of the total population of America. If all crimes of various types were summed up, the chance of being arrested of a Blackman is twice of that of both white and Hispanics. They have a larger chance of being arrested for violent crimes and even much larger for robbery. Many people believed that Blacks are arrested so frequent because police are biased in targeting crime committers. They think police arrest them with no objective and legal reasons. Several laws have passed in order to correct what they think as abuse of authority. Conversely, police strongly say that they arrest a huge number of Blacks because they themselves commit a great number of criminals. The most objective way of looking the presence of police bias is to have a comparison between the proportion of Black criminals and the proportion of arrested Black suspects. If in case equal, it is a positive indication that police are fair in exercising their authority. The UCR and  Ã‚   the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) have recorded the most current data regarding the different crimes done to victims and the number of arrest of those various crimes. However, the data do not represent the actual occurrence of crimes; instead, a smaller number of arrests were recorded.   NCVS conducted data extrapolation and showed the estimation of the actual number of crimes in the United States annually. From 2001 to 2003, approximately 1.8 robberies have occurred. Similarly, UCR reported that police arrested about 229,000 for robbery. Before a police makes an arrest, one must tell them of the crime hence the most applicable manner of to assess whether there exist biasness in law enforcement by the police is really the comparison between the proportion of Black criminals and the proportion of arrested Black suspects. The data showed that 55 percent of the offenders in robbery cases were all black and 55.4 percent of the robbers were reported to the police were black. In line with this, 54.1 percent of the robbers subjected for apprehension were black. Actually, police arrests fewer blacks than what is expected. In other crimes such as burglary, 45 percent of black crime committers were reported however, only 28 percent of arrested suspects were actually black. When all the crimes are collected, blacks have a 26 percent less chance of being arrested than any other races.   These facts do not support the charges against them instead it imply the opposite; the police are more rigorous in non-black apprehension.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Victims are asked to give description of their perpetrators and sometimes victims do not identify Hispanic suspects correctly. They somehow categorized them as either Asian or Indian.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Victims are most likely to call the attention of the enforcer if the crime committer has gun or any weapon at hand. Usually, blacks handled guns and knives more frequently than any race did, thus more crimes were associated with blacks. Moreover, even on the same crime category, blacks are committing serious offenses; therefore, even though they constitute only thirteen percent of the total population of the United States, they commit a large number of crimes than anybody else (based on data gathered by NCVS).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Blacks have a higher possibility of stealing cars. The National Incident-Based System (NIBRS) is a database wherein you can use it to make clear comparisons between race of offenders reported and number of each race arrested. Four thousand seven hundred twenty six police departments in 23 states have detailed all crimes known to them including information about the race of the criminal involved and the race of arrested criminals. The data presented represent less than 20 percent of American population and a 15 percent of total crimes occurred in all the states in America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, violent interracial crimes involved 85 percent of blacks while whites only contribute 15 percent of the crime. Blacks commit more interracial crimes and hate crimes against white (about 45 percent) than blacks do. A very shocking and striking statistics showed that blacks are 39 times more possibly to be involved in crimes on white than whites committing crimes against black. Blacks commit robbery above a hundred times. Clearly, from these arguments we can conclude that police was not really biased when enforcing law and authority towards race. Still there are many believed that there exist racial discrimination in exercising police discretion. Racial separation and discrimination are still visible in the United States.   It seemed that African American and other colored people are not truly accepted in the American community. Racial discrimination (not only with blacks) is deeply seen in the enforcement of laws and judicial process. Muslims felt this kind of unfairness since the September 11 bombings and attacks. Associated Press has reported cases of Muslim discrimination in United States. In November 2006, 6 Muslims who came from a conference have removed from the airport, handcuffed and interrogated by airlines enforcers because of a false alarm from a passenger. Investigation was conducted and found out that the airlines had unlawfully taken out the six Muslims. Another instance is the Latino and African-American motorist in Los Angeles were most likely to be questioned and subjected for vehicle inspections than whites. Racial discrimination was manifested in judicial processes and procedures in the United States. In fact, blacks usually received a more severe and harsh punishment than whites. Based on statistics taken by the National Urban League, male blacks were sentenced longer than any white man was. Forty percent of male black prisoners condemned to more than a single year of imprisonment while 20 percent were Latin Americans. The number of black prisoners was about 7 times that of white inmates and the number Latin Americans were 2.5 times higher than that of white.   In addition, it showed that blacks have the higher probability of being imprisoned or jailed than whites. This racial bias has resulted to hate crimes. A relatively high increase of the racist and neo-Nazi groups has occurred for five years and hate crimes continuously stretching within America. Study showed that crime committers were mainly motivated by racial bias.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human rights violation by law enforcement and judicial system is also a frequent and widespread situation in several parts of the United States. The enforcer seriously abuses police discretion. Reports from Human Rights Watch told that since September 11 attacks, more than 70 men were put in prison without any criminal charges. Moreover, reports from the Washington Post said that complaints against New York Police Department have augmented by 60 percent in the span of four years. A study conducted by Professor Craig Futterman of the University of Chicago stated that 662 out of 13,500 Chicago police enforcer have received each more than ten complaints. In line with this, four police were arrested for false arrest. Two former inmates of Cook County Jail complained of physical injuries got from jail guards. Michael Mejia was handcuffed by guards and banged his face on the wall. Guards also received complaints from allegation of kicking and stomping of prisoners. Nevertheless, officials of the jail’s internal affairs division did not act on those complaints.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Judicial injustice in the United States is quite alarming. There are cases reported that offenders were put to prison without proving guilty of the crime or even conducted house arrests without formal proceedings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Faulty cases and frame-up were observed in the United States. Investigations and reviews showed that 328 criminal cases were all frame-up and thus implied that a relatively high number of prisoners were innocent of the allegation. A man who was alleged and jailed for rape asked for a DNA test but police declined his request. After the September 11 attacks, 6,472 individuals were subjected to prosecution on terrorism-related cases. Many arrested individuals prior to terrorism charges have freed from charges because of insufficient evidences.  Ã‚   Sixty four percent of them were proven innocent and an added 9 percent of were dismissed by prosecutors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   United States has recorded a highest number of prisoners in the world. There are actually 2.2 million of prisoners in the municipal jails. The US correctional have recorded 7 million prisoners both men and women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abuse and mistreatment is common to US jails. In fact, the United States is the only nation in the world that used dogs to punish and scare inmates in the prison. They used these dogs aggressively and uncompromisingly to attack and assault prisoners to take out prisoners in the cell. The Human Rights Watch reported that Connecticut prisons were subjected of using dogs twenty times just to remove prisoners in cell. There are also reported cases of abuse of illegal immigrant in US. Those immigrants that were mistreated by police and suffered from hunger and eventually committed suicide. Another abuse case is improper housing of prisoners in different jails. The United States have 60 prisons, which houses a couple of thousand inmates. The inmates were jailed in a very small area, which is not well ventilated. Due to this situation, inmates become eventually insane and mentally ill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some primary rights of prisoners were removed from them. For instance, their right to vote was deprived from them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disease and crimes were rampant in many jails in the United States. Based on records from the United States Department of Justice, 50 percent of the total prisoners in the United States have suffered from mental illness such as melancholia, mania and hallucination. Over a million prisoners that are released annually have a very contagious and infectious disease. In line with this, a rate of 7000 prisoners per annum died in US prisons. Majority of the deaths recorded were caused by mental illness, which was untreated and left undetected. Aside from this, prisoners also suffered from basic ailments like colds and other virus-infected diseases. In the 2004 survey, the number of AIDS infected prisoners in federal jails increased by almost a thousand, which is relatively higher than the rate in US population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In connection to AIDS problem, sexual assaults were rampant in various prisons in the United States. Thirteen percent prisoners in US prisons experienced sexual abuse from police enforcer. Approximately 200,000 inmates were abused sexually and has a tendency of becoming victims of sexual assaults.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Here manifestation of racial discrimination, religion discrimination and human rights violation were observed. Blacks were often discriminated when it comes to law enforcement and policing in the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Two sides of police discretion were presented. One is that police are not biased and they just do their intended job. The other side is the abuse of police authority and power that is reflected by the complaints of different assaults and racial discrimination. Nevertheless, whichever is correct is not the idea but the real point here is that how effective the enforcement of law and justice in the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We see that police enforcement was not so effective in dealing with criminal acts. Many criminals were not really punished by law instead the innocent one suffered from it. In the past until the present, law enforcement is still weak in giving justice to anybody and now is the right time of altering the judicial system in United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discretion is not doing anything that you want. Discretion is delimited by norms of the society in which police must conform. Police discretion is somehow good if used in good intension. Police discretion became evil only if abuse by cruel authorities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police discretion enforces law to have a harmonious society with no trace of criminal acts but if not used properly this would bring more chaos to the community. Work Cited   Feng, Cheng. Full Text: The Human Rights Record of the United States in 2006, On Human Rights Violations by Law Enforcement and Judicial Departments.Gov cn. 8 March   2007. 10 December 2007 < http://www.gov.cn/misc/2007-03/08/content_545466_2.htm>. Feng, Cheng. Full Text: The Human Rights Record of the United States in 2006, Racial Discrimination.Gov cn. 8 March   2007. 10 December 2007 < http://www.gov.cn/misc/2007-03/08/content_545466_5.htm >. Free M. D.Racial Issues in Criminal Justice: The Case of African Americans. Monsey, New York: Criminal Justice Press. March 2005. 10 December 2007 . Injustice in America. Jeremiah Project. 10 December 2007 < http://www.jeremiahproject. com/prophecy/justice02.html>. â€Å"Police Discretion†. Syllabus for JUS 205MegaLinks in Criminal Justice.   6 January 2004. 10 December 2007 < http://faculty.ncwc.edu/TOConnor/205/205lect09.htm>.   The Color of Crime: Race, Crime and Violence in America. New Century Foundation. 1999. 10 December 2007 < http://www.nc-f.org/colorcrime99.pdf>.   

Briefly Explain the Idealist Approach to International Relations

Topic: Briefly explain the Idealist approach to International Relations. To get an insight of what realism and liberalism is all about four (4) questions must be asked and answered and before asking- What is Liberalism/Idealism? Those questions are: what is a theory? Why theories are necessary? What is hypothesis? And how many types of theories are there? All these questions will give basic knowledge about the three theories of international relations; but the topic sets a limit to how many theories to cover and that theory is liberalism/idealism. What is a theory? According to gavilan, a theory simplifies reality.It is a perspective which tells you where to look. A statement of cause and effect/outcome- what correlates? Why does this regularity occur? The cause and effect underlined above implies the independent or explanatory variable and dependent variable respectively. Why are theories necessary? (1) Too much information available to be able to process it without guidance about w hat is relevant or irrelevant. (2) No rational action without hypothesis about cause and effect. What is hypothesis? Every theory brings out hypothesis. A hypothesis is a testable implication of a theory. Evidence supports a theory but does not prove it.How many types of theories are there? There are three major theories; these theories are: Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism. Constructivism is divided into Marxism and Post- modernism and Post- structuralism. After knowing all these, the question- what is idealism/liberalism? Can be asked, but, due to the relation of liberalism/idealism with reciprocity principle the definition of collective goods problem should be stated. Collective good problem is how a group of nations serve the/its group interest or collective interest by doing so members to forfeit their individual interest.In other words, it is the problem of shared interest versus competing interest. It solves the problem of how to provide something that benefits every m ember regardless of what each member contribute. Idealism/liberalism: According to Goldstein et al, â€Å"like any other international relation theory has no general definition, but it sees the rules of IR as gradually evolving through time and becoming more passive- such advancement results chiefly from the gradual build up of international organizations and mutual cooperation (reciprocity) and secondarily from change in norms and public opinion (identity). The definition in the continuing note is in accord to gavilan â€Å"According to Kegley and Wittkopt (2006: pg28), ‘liberalism is known as a paradigm anticipated on hope that the appliance of reason and universal principles to international relations can lead to a more organizes, impartial, and cooperative world, and that international anarchy [lack of world government] ad war can be supervised by institutional reforms that empower international organizations and laws’† Liberal theories of IR try to explain how peace and cooperation are possible.It gives instances of how realism offers mostly the principle of dominance to solve the collective goods problems of IR, while it (idealism) draws its solution mostly on the reciprocity and identity principle. Assumptions of Liberalism/Idealism According to jefferyfields (n. d) [Online], the following are assumptions of idealism. 1. â€Å"Human nature is effectively good or humane: People are capable of mutual aid and collaboration through reason and ethically inspired education. † Jefferyfields (n. d) [Online] 2. â€Å"The fundamental human concern for others’ welfare makes progress possible. jefferyfields (n. d) [Online] 3. â€Å"Bad human behaviour, such as violence, is the product not of flawed people but of evil institutions that encourage people to act selfishly and to harm others. † jefferyfields (n. d) [Online] 4. â€Å"War and international anarchy are not inevitable and war’s frequency can be reduced by s trengthening the institutional arrangements that encourage its disappearance. † jefferyfields (n. d) [Online] 5. â€Å"War is a global problem requiring collective or multilateral, rather than national, efforts to control it. jefferyfields (n. d) [Online] 6. â€Å"Reforms must be inspired by a compassionate ethical concern for the welfare and security of all people, and this humanitarian motive requires the inclusion of morality in statecraft. † jefferyfields (n. d) [Online] 7. â€Å"International society must reorganize itself in order to eliminate the institutions that make war likely, and states must reform their political systems so that self-determination and democratic governance within states can help pacify relations among states. † jefferyfields (n. d) [Online]Prisoners Dilemma Giving an example of two prisoners who are incarcerated; noting that they are meeting for the first time- the options given to them would either be to turn on each other or coope rate with each other. The two prisoners are likely to turn on each other or not cooperate with each other because of the condition of their meeting. The given example displays the nature of countries in the international system when approached with similar problem or decision. The self protecting nature of states renders cooperation impractical.This is in line with the prisoners who decline to cooperate with one another because they either do not trust one another or want to protect their interest. Conclusion In conclusion, the international relation theory called liberalism is an argument against the realist view. According to Goldstein et al (2012 pg86)A, if dominance solution is offered mostly by the realist or realism to solve the collective goods problems of I. R. , alternative theories draw mostly on the reciprocity and identity principles. These theories are more optimistic than realism about the prospect of peace.Goldstein et al (2012 pg86)B said, â€Å"realist see the law of power politics as relatively timeless and unchanging, while liberal theorists view I. R. rules as gradually evolving through time and becoming more peaceful- such advancement results chiefly from the gradual build up of international organizations and mutual cooperation (reciprocity) and secondarily from change in norms and public opinion (identity). Liberal theory among others holds that we are not doomed to a country of recurring war but can achieve a more peaceful world. † In addition, in accord with Goldstein et al (2012 pg86) liberal theory eviews domestic politics and foreign policy making, unlike realism, which places importance on domestic and individual levels of analysis in explaining state behaviour. All this display the peaceful nature/motive of the liberal theorist. BIBLOGRAPHY Goldstein, S. J. Pevehouse, J. C. (2012) International Relations (Tenth Edition) United States: Pearson. http://hhh. gavilan. edu/mturetzky/pols4/TheoreticalPerspectivesLiberalismRealism . htm http://jeffreyfields. net/427/Site/Blog/3C90C230-B47B-4894-8E8E-F4C5078BDD88_files/Rourke-Realism,%20Liberalism,%20Constructivism. pdf http://www. princeton. edu/~amoravcs/library/preferences. pdf

Cempoala - Totonac Capital and Ally of Hernan Cortes

Cempoala - Totonac Capital and Ally of Hernan Cortes Cempoala, also known as Zempoala or Cempolan, was the capital of the Totonacs, a pre-Columbian group that emigrated to the Gulf Coast of Mexico from the central Mexican highlands sometime before the Late Postclassic period. The name is a Nahuatl one, meaning twenty water or abundant water, a reference to the many rivers in the region. It was the first urban settlement encountered by the Spanish colonization forces in the early 16th century. The citys ruins lie near the mouth of the Actopan River about 8 kilometers (five miles) in from the Gulf of Mexico. When it was visited by Hernan Cortà ©s in 1519, the Spaniards found a huge population, estimated at between 80,000-120,000; it was the most populous city in the region.   Cempoala reached its fluorescence between the 12th and 16th century AD, after the previous capital El Tajin was abandoned after being invaded by Toltecan-Chichimecans. The City of Cempoala At its height during the late 15th century, Cempoalas population was organized into nine precincts. The urban core of Cempoala, which includes a monumental sector, covered a surface area of 12 hectares (~30 acres); housing for the citys population spread far beyond that. The urban center was laid out in the way common  to Totonac regional urban centers, with many circular temples dedicated to the wind god Ehecatl. There are 12 large, irregularly shaped walled compounds in the city center that contain the main public architecture, temples, shrines, palaces, and open plazas. The major compounds were composed of large temples bordered by platforms, which elevated the buildings above the flood level. The compound walls were not very high, serving as a symbolic function identifying the spaces which were not open to the public rather than for  defense purposes. Architecture at Cempoala Cempoalas central Mexican urban design and art reflect the norms of the central Mexican highlands, ideas which were reinforced by the late 15th-century Aztec dominance. Most of the architecture is built of river cobbles cemented together, and the buildings were roofed in perishable materials. Special structures such as temples, shrines, and elite residences had a masonry architecture built of cut stone. Important buildings include the Sun temple or Great Pyramid; the Quetzalcoatl temple; the Chimney Temple, which includes a series of semicircular pillars; the Temple of Charity (or Templo de las Caritas), named after the numerous stucco skulls that adorned its walls; the Cross Temple, and the El Pimiento compound, which has exterior walls decorated with skull representations. Many of the buildings have platforms with multiple stories of low height and vertical profile. Most are rectangular with broad stairways. Sanctuaries were dedicated with polychrome designs on a white background. Agriculture The city was surrounded by an extensive canal system and a series of aqueducts which provided water to the farm fields around the urban center as well as the residential areas. This extensive canal system allowed water distribution to fields, diverting water from main river channels. The canals were part of (or built onto) a large wetland irrigation system that is thought to have been built during the Middle Postclassic [AD 1200-1400] period. The system included an area of sloping field terraces, on which the city grew cotton, maize, and agave. Cempoala used their surplus crops to participate in the Mesoamerican trade system, and historic records report that when famine struck the Valley of Mexico between 1450-1454, the Aztecs were forced to barter their children to Cempoala for maize stores. The urban Totonacs at Cempoala and other Totonac cities used home gardens (calmil), backyard gardens which provided domestic groups at the family or clan level with vegetables, fruits, spices, medicines, and fibers. They also had private orchards of cacao or fruit trees. This dispersed agrosystem gave the residents flexibility and autonomy, and, after the Aztec Empire took hold, allowed the homeowners to pay tributes. Ethnobotanist Ana Lid del Angel-Perez argues that the home gardens may also  have acted as a laboratory, where people tested and validated new crops and methods of growing. Cempoala Under the Aztecs and Cortà ©s In 1458, the Aztecs under the rule of Motecuhzoma I invaded the region of the Gulf Coast. Cempoala, among other cities, was subjugated and became a tributary of the Aztec empire. Tributary items demanded by the Aztecs in payment included cotton, maize, chili, feathers, gems, textiles, Zempoala-Pachuca (green) obsidian, and many other products. Hundreds of Cempoalas inhabitants became slaves. When the Spanish conquest arrived in 1519 on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, Cempoala was one of the first cities visited by Cortà ©s. The Totonac ruler, hoping to break away from Aztec domination, soon became allies of Cortà ©s and his army. Cempoala was also the theater of the 1520 Battle of Cempoala between Cortà ©s and the captain Pnfilo de Narvaez, for the leadership in the Mexican conquest, which Cortà ©s handily won. After the Spanish arrival, smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria spread throughout Central America. Veracruz was among the earliest regions affected, and the population of Cempoala sharply declined. Eventually, the city was abandoned and the survivors moved to Xalapa, another important city of Veracruz. Cempoala Archaeological Zone Cempoala was first explored archaeologically at the end of the 19th century by Mexican scholar Francisco del Paso y Troncoso. American archaeologist Jesse Fewkes documented the site with photographs in 1905, and the first extensive studies were conducted by Mexican archaeologist Josà © Garcà ­a Payà ³n between the 1930s and 1970s. Modern excavations at the site were conducted by the Mexican National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) between 1979-1981, and Cempoalas central core was recently mapped by photogrammetry (Mouget and Lucet 2014). The site is located on the eastern edge of the modern town of Cempoala, and it is open to visitors year-round. Sources Adams REW. 2005 [1977], Prehistoric Mesoamerica. Third Edition. Norman: University of Oklahoma PressBruggemann JK. 1991. Zempoala: El estudio de una ciudad prehispanica. Coleccion Cientifica vol 232 INAH Mexico. Brumfiel EM, Brown KL, Carrasco P, Chadwick R, Charlton TH, Dillehay TD, Gordon CL, Mason RD, Lewarch DE, Moholy-Nagy H, et al. 1980. Specialization, Market Exchange, and the Aztec State: A View From Huexotla [and Comments and Reply]. Current Anthropology 21(4):459-478.del Angel-Pà ©rez AL. 2013. Homegardens and the dynamics of Totonac domestic groups in Veracruz, Mexico. Anthropological Notebooks 19(3):5-22.Mouget A, and Lucet G. 2014. Photogrammetric archaeological survey with UAV. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II(5):251-258.Sluyter A, and Siemens AH. 1992. Vestiges of Prehispanic, Sloping-Field Terraces on the Piedmont of Central Veracruz, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 3(2):148-160.Smith ME. 2013. The Aztecs. New Yo rk: Wiley-Blackwell. Wilkerson, SJK. 2001. Zempoala (Veracruz, Mexico) In: Evans ST, and Webster DL, editors. Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. p 850-852. Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst

Free sample - Should local sales tax be increased or decreased. translation missing

Should local sales tax be increased or decreased. Should local sales tax be increased or decreasedContent of the problem Currently, taxes added on top of prices of goods or services that are purchased within a country are either being increased or decreased depending on the country. Sale tax is a consumption that is displayed as a percentage of the sale price. It is vital to assess sale taxes in every state, county or municipal level in order to determine the amount that is being taxed and can help in knowing whether to increase or to decrease. The biggest problem with sales tax evaluation is the state-local tax burden due to increasing population and changes in the tax policies is also another area that is supposed to be considered. In the past it was a bit different since most of the states’ population was not so high and thus it was easy to determine whether sales tax be increased or decreased. But as time has moved, this has been witnessed to have taken another different direction and the states’ population must be put into consideration since most of this has to determine the increase or decrease of sale tax in every state (Frederick, 315). Statement of the problem In the today’s world, employment has hit and most of the people graduate and do not get job and thus imposing sales tax on such people may deem to be the biggest problem. The tax imposed on property is also important on the other hand as it helps in ensuring that it is used in curing the budget. This is due to the fact that revenue gotten from corporate net is usually viewed as volatile, especially in cases whereby recession and therefore it will be unworthy to states to lean heavily on it. Even though the income tax increase helps in budget deficit, raising the income tax by even just 5% would lead to a drop on the tax Foundation’s Tax Climate Index. This may also lead to not having lower personal income tax in such regions.   This may also lead to the corporate income tax to drop even further. And also, in increasing the tax of corporate income may set a state an even bigger fall in the future and that is really a demerit. This paper will look at the barriers of sales tax increase and decrease since this is a tool that will in turn help in determining whether to increase or decrease sales tax in any state. This can be done through in co-operating some programs into the scheme of sale tax evaluation system. Research question Given that it is important to determine whether to increase or decrease the sales tax in any given state; there are a number of questions that must be put into consideration. Since sale tax is also important to the government, it is vital for the government to treat those contributing to tax revenue as important figures in the society. This in turn will make not to appear as a burden to those contributing to sale tax (Merriman, 21). Nonetheless, in order to gather the required information regarding sales tax increase or decrease it is vital to address the following questions during the research process: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How imperative is tax reduction or increase to both the government and the citizens? b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are there some economy tax credit programs that can be employed instead of just increasing or decreasing the sales tax and how is it helpful to the common man? c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is the purpose of considering change in tax policy and can this help in tax expenditure justification? d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are the cautions for both tax increase and tax decrease?  Ã‚  Ã‚      Significance of the study According to research carried by Arnold in 2004, (228) in both the United States and the whole world at large it is vital not to impose so much tax on the common man as this will have tremendous effect in future, either positive or negative. Even though most citizens suffer from high taxation, it is vital not to increase the sales tax to the common man and impose tax on goods and services rendered internationally. This proposal aims at looking into ways in which sales tax can be imposed without causing any havoc to the common man and thus improves the economy of the country. This must also focus on developing a positive attitude to those imposing tax on property without experiencing state-local tax burden. This is important since it is used to determine how Tax Foundation yearly calculation concerning how heavy the state-local tax burden is for the population in any given state (Rodgers, 229). Objectives of the study Just like any incentive program, it is vital to look at the objectives, basically in numeric terms. This specifically helps in determining the final result such as increasing sales, or purchase by your reseller. Some of the objectives include:    i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Obtaining a certain percentage of shares for a new product in its full year. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Increasing the percentage of sales. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Increase the number of showroom displays in both local and international market. iv)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Increase the number of people participating in product training programs.      Research Design and Methodology This research study will focus on both the quantitative and qualitative approach since it requires collection of data and carrying out of surveys in relation to the past sales tax estimations and calculations. Another approach will be the descriptive since it will require first hand information from previous research in order to avoid misunderstanding. Finally the research will carry our surveys by interviewing the concerned using semi-structured questioners.   Conclusion It is vital to look at the disadvantages and advantages associated with sales tax increase and decrease. This is likely to help determine which one is the most appropriate option. All in all it is also significant to understand the limitation of the research process since it can be applied as a cautionary measure before deciding on which way to go. It is vital to understand that fiscal problems should not be addressed by tax alone (Arnold, 229).    Work Cited Arnold, Raphaelson, "The Property Tax," in J. Richard Aronson and Eli Schwartz, eds., Management Policies in Local Government Finances, 3rd edition, (2004) p. 229 Frederick, Stocker. "Diversification of the Local Revenue System: Income and Sales Taxes, User Charges, Federal Grants," National Tax Journal, September (2006), p. 315 Merriman, David. The Control of Municipal Budgets: Toward the Effective Design of Tax and Expenditure Limitations. (New York: Quorum Books, (2001), pp. 20-23 Rodgers, James. "Sales Taxes, Income Taxes, and Other Nonproperty Revenues, " in J. Richard Aronson and Eli Schwartz, eds., Management Policies in Local Government Finance, Third Edition (Washington, DC: International City Management Association, (1997), p. 229. Sherwood-Call, "The Labor Tax as an Alternative Revenue Source," Proceedings of the Seventy-Ninth Annual Conference (Columbus, OH: National Tax Association, (2002), pp. 86-93

How the battle of Brandywine was a successful win for the British, but Research Paper

How the battle of Brandywine was a successful win for the British, but a tactical win for the US - Research Paper Example The Brandywine battle was a truly decisive war between the "Great Britain and its thirteen North American colonies". This battle saw the Great Britain emerging the successful winner while the United States had a tactical win.1 During the battle, the US forces were under the command of George Washington while the British forces were under the command of William Howe. At the time Washington was getting into this battle, he had just suffered a serious defeat in New York, which meant that a win in the Brandywine battle was highly essential in order to revive American strength and morale. On the other hand, Howe was highly inspired 1by the Philadelphia Campaign, which was mainly a British objective to capture Philadelphia during the American Revolutionary War. Howe and Washington were both significant and prestigious men in determining the outcomes of the American Revolution.1 The Battle of Brandywine The battle began in an early morning after the British, 2and the Hessian soldiers depart ed from Kennett Square. Their departure followed a walk along the Brandywine Creek with an aim to enclose the American soldiers across Jeffries’ ford. This emanated from the need to capture Philadelphia. ... The other squad of Howe’s men, which was made of the majority, was to march north of Wistar’s Ford, then cross the river at a location unknown to Washington. Having superior tactics and good knowledge of the battle ground enabled the British troops to defeat Washington and his troops on their own battle ground.2 In 1777, the British launched an attempt to wipe out the flickering revolt in its North American colonies. Its main objective was to split the colonies with converging expeditions focused upon the Hudson valley. During this period, General Howe refused to take part in the Saratoga battle and instead, moved into Pennsylvania where he defeated Washington in the battle of Brandywine. In Brandywine, Howe took over Philadelphia and defeated Washington’s attack on Germantown. American’s win in the battle of Saratoga came along with diplomatic assistance from France and other European nations. At some point, the battle at the Middle Atlantic region had co me into a standstill, but later foreign aid came to save the situation. The Battle of Saratoga motivated France to get into an alliance with the United States whereby Franklin and the French foreign minister of that time signed a treaty. Later, Spain got into war against Great Britain in 1779. However, the assistance given by the Spanish to the Americans was not of much help to the United States. On the other hand, the French offered immense assistance in terms of soldiers, sailors, supplies, and money, which were highly crucial for America’s success in the Saratoga battle. The 3Americans continued to fight valiantly, but, unfortunately, the British troops had outwitted them on the rolling hills in the Brandywine. The win did not stop the British troops from arriving at the battle ground, but

End of Confederacy and Efforts of Lincoln and Johnson Essay

End of Confederacy and Efforts of Lincoln and Johnson - Essay Example But at the same time there were views favoring the solution based on limited role of federal government in restructuring process while ensuring unity and nationwide healing policy. This suggestion was against the policy of Radical Reconstruction which was being viewed as the one based on hatred against the Southerners. The main concern of the government was that of defining its role in shaping the political, economic and social integrity of the southern states as the union forces had freed nearly four million slaves. The possibility of co-existence of freed slaves with the rest of white population in a resentful environment was more problematic than the war as it was the issue of slavery that spurred secession among southern states. In Congress, Democrats and moderate Republicans were favoring the lenient policing while the Radical Republicans were pushing for harsher program and complete intervention of federal authority in the restructuring process that should include total equality of newly freed slaves with the remaining white population. But President Lincoln was in favor of the lenient approach as he was in believe that the war itself has changed the states dramatically and more punishment would actually hinder the healing process and forward movement of the nation as a whole.

Early Victorian Prisons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Early Victorian Prisons - Essay Example Prisons are considered to be institutions used for imprisonment or incarceration and in England today accommodation for prisoners in these institutions are divided into wings that are usually identified by a name, number, or letter. Today there are an estimated nine million people imprisoned worldwide, with the United Kingdom alone accounting for approximately 73 000 inmates in its facilities. This high proportion of prisoners has been associated with many things, such as better funded criminal justice systems, a more strict approach to law and order, and a larger gap between the rich and the poor. There are numerous differences between the prisons of today and those of years ago; one major change being that in early Victorian England people were imprisoned and often sentenced for lengthy periods of time for seemingly important things such as 'picking oakum', whereas in today's world that is certainly not the same situation. Victorian prisons were seen as unpleasant and rundown places with a main goal to keep the surroundings as miserable as possible in an attempt to deter people from committing crimes. The prisons were small, old, and badly-run. London and its suburbs held over a dozen prisons in all, and debtors and convicts, those to be rehabilitated and those simply to be detained all had no trouble finding a place to wait out their days. By the 1860s there were two distinct types of Victorian prisons: the local and the convict prisons. The older, which dated back from as far back as the Saxon times, was called the local prison. This itself was made up of two equally distinct parts: the jail (or gaol) and the House of Correction. Prisons in England during the early Victorian era are of particular interest and subjectivity, and in order to be able to come to a clearer and more cognitive view on this subject matter, the following questions must be addressed: 1. What are prisons 2. To what extent did early Victorian prisons in England deter and reform criminals 3. What are some conclusions that can be made on early Victorian prisons in England By discussing these four questions, we can come to a more knowledgeable and understanding opinion on this subject of interest. This is what will be dissertated in the following. What are Prisons Prisons are literally defined as places where persons are confined and usually deprived of a range of personal freedoms, as punishment for particular and often various crimes. Prisons are also often times used as a tool of political repression, particularly in times of heightened war or conflict. "A prison system is the organizational arrangement of the provision and operation of prisons." The United Kingdom has the highest incarceration rate among all of Western Europe, with an approximated 109 out of every 100 000 people imprisoned in the present day; today there are 139 prisons in England and Wales, with 19 of those having been built rather recently - 1995 or beyond. The rise in the prison population in England has been primarily attributed to changes in terms of sentencing. Crimes such as shoplifting and other forms of petty theft have overtly harsher sentences in the present day than years ago; in 1995 alone over 129 people were in prison for shoplifting, and in 2001, 3 000 people were sent to prison for petty theft for a first time

Socrates And Aristotle On Virtues

Socrates And Aristotle On Virtues Socrates and Aristotle are both ancient philosophers. In their work they both taught on the idea of ethics and virtues. They believed in virtues but their understanding of what is means to be virtuous were different (Lutz, 1998). This is why their teaching on virtue as well as their lives and decisions contradicted. This paper is a critical comparison between Aristotles account of virtue and Socrates account of virtue. The similarity that exists in these teachings is that they believed in existence of virtues and taught their students on what is means to be virtuous only from their different understanding. The two philosophers believed in individuals possessing intellectual virtues. The common thread on the teachings of the two was the fact that people possessed certain virtues (Lutz, 1998). The virtues represent the most significant qualities for a person to possess. The two philosophers taught that having virtues was advantageous. Nevertheless, there are various differences on the way each understood and approached the subject. The differences in the accounts of virtues by the two philosophers are not only revealed in their teachings but also their way of life. Both Aristotle and Socrates were charged with impiety, but their differing understanding of what is virtuous and right led them to different actions. When Socrates was convicted to death, he accepted it and allowed himself to be executed. When he was offered to pay a fine for his crime he refused. He also refused to honour the pleas of Plato and his other students to run away in a boat they had ready for that purpose. Socrates is known to be a man who lived what he preached (Sherman, 1997). He refused to break the law even in the face of death and wanted to set a good example to his students. In a way through his act, he answered some of the questions he had posed to his students on virtue and courage. His actions also lived up to the fact that he advocated for friendship and true sense of commonality. This is what led Socrates to willingly accept hi s death sentence when most people thought he would flee. Socrates believed that running away from the authority amounted to going against his communitys will. As a pursuit of personal happiness, Aristotle on the other hand refused to accept his charges and fled. This is because Aristotles thinking was based on individual happiness and pleasure (Sherman, 1989). Unlike Socrates, when Aristotle was charged with impiety, he took the easy way out. He ran away rather than stay to face the charges. This tells us a lot about Aristotle. This is also evident in his argument that the final goal of human beings is happiness. He argued that living a virtuous life is something pleasurable. In his argument, the virtuous man takes pleasure in living a virtuous life. In his argument, it seems like devoid of virtues, a person cannot achieve happiness. It is like virtue is the linking aspect to happiness. This is in contrast with the theory of Socrates who argues that the best way of life is focusing on self-development instead of pursuing material things (Lutz, 1998). In his teachings, Socrates never revealed answers, nor did he reveal the truth. Socrates never taught the truth but taught his students how to find the truth by themselves. He just taught his students to discover. Socrates knew that no person could answer the questions concerning courage, virtue and duty to his satisfaction. People just claimed to be virtuous and courageous without really knowing what this meant (Sherman, 1989). On the part of Aristotle, being virtuous was a thing that people could not only understand but also achieve. Aristotle disagrees with Socrates in arguing that ethics is primarily about virtues. Socrates also argues that a person can have virtues without necessarily having the kind of knowledge that typifies mathematics of nature science. Aristotle is capable of demonstrating that ethics and personal interest may be related, that ethics is well-suited to common sense, and that a virtuous person is capable of achieving rational decisions. Aristotle also made a distinction between two kinds of virtues; ethical and intellectual. Ethical virtues come about through habitual actions. He argued that people are born with the capacity to live a virtuous life. He also argues that education is essential in establishing human capability to make virtuous acts habitual. Aristotle believed that people have to act virtuously as much as they can and by doing so they make a step in becoming virtuous. He also believes that ethical virtues need to be attended with pleasure. He believed that human beings cannot be exposed to pain when they are acting virtuously. If a person is exposed to pain as a result of an action, then he cannot be considered virtuous (Sherman, 1989). Unlike Socrates who believed in doing what is right, Aristotle believed that too much and too little are always wrong. He argued that virtuous acts are always midway states between the contrasting vices of excess and deficiency. This is unlike the idea of Socrates where there was no compromise or flexibility in being good. Aristotles theory of virtues allows for flexibility. Socrates stresses that virtue was the most important possession and that life must be lived in pursuit of good (Sherman, 1997). While both of the philosophers believed in the benefit of having virtues, it is Socrates who stresses more than Aristotle the importance of the virtues. In his Socrates view there is no go between; people had to be good. In Socrates theory the idea of happiness and pleasure brings in an aspect of compromise. Between the two philosophers, it is Socrates who forms the best example of living a virtuous life.